Flag Counter
AKILLI SİSTEMLER VE UYGULAMALARI DERGİSİ
JOURNAL OF INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS
J. Intell. Syst. Appl.
E-ISSN: 2667-6893
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

User Localization in an Indoor Environment by Combining Different Algorithms through Plurality Rule

İç Mekanda Kullanıcı Lokalizasyonu için Farklı Makine Öğrenmesi Algoritmalarının Çoğulluk Kuralı ile Birleştirilmesi

How to cite: Ateş MC, Gümüşoğlu OE, Çolak A, Fescioğlu Ünver N. User localization in an indoor environment by combining different algorithms through plurality rule. Akıllı Sistemler ve Uygulamaları Dergisi (Journal of Intelligent Systems with Applications) 2020; 3(2): 64-68. DOI: 10.54856/jiswa.202012118

Full Text: PDF, in English.

Total number of downloads: 713

Title: User Localization in an Indoor Environment by Combining Different Algorithms through Plurality Rule

Abstract: User localization in an indoor environment has a wide application area including production and service systems such as factories, smart homes, hospitals, nursing homes, etc. User localization based on Wi-Fi signals has been widely studied using various classification algorithms. In this type of problem, several Wi-Fi routers placed in an indoor environment provide signals with different strengths depending on the location/room of the user. Most classification algorithms successfully make the localization with a high accuracy rate. However, in the current literature, there is no widely accepted 'best' algorithm for solving this problem. This study proposes the use of the plurality rule to combine several classification algorithms and obtain a single result. Plurality voting rule is an electoral system where the candidate that polls the most vote wins the election. We apply the plurality rule to the indoor localization problem and generate the Majority algorithm. The Majority algorithm takes the 'votes' of five different classification algorithms and provides a single result through plurality rule. Results show that the mean accuracy rate of the Majority algorithm is higher than the classification algorithms it combines. In addition, we show that proving a single accuracy rate is not sufficient for declaring that an algorithm is better than the other. Classification algorithms select the training and test data randomly and different divisions result in different accuracy rates. In this study, we show that comparing the classification algorithms through confidence intervals provides more accurate information.

Keywords: Indoor localization; wi-si signal strength; classification algorithms; plurality rule


Başlık: İç Mekanda Kullanıcı Lokalizasyonu için Farklı Makine Öğrenmesi Algoritmalarının Çoğulluk Kuralı ile Birleştirilmesi

Özet: İç mekan ortamında kullanıcı lokalizasyonu fabrikalar, akıllı evler, hastaneler, huzurevleri gibi üretim ve hizmet sistemlerini içeren geniş bir uygulama alanına sahiptir. Wi-Fi sinyallerine dayalı kullanıcı lokalizasyonu, çeşitli sınıflandırma algoritmaları kullanılarak geniş çapta incelenmiştir. Bu tür bir problemde, bir iç mekâna yerleştirilen birkaç Wi-Fi yönlendiricisi, kullanıcının konumuna bağlı olarak farklı güçlere sahip sinyaller sağlar. Çoğu sınıflandırma algoritması, kullanıcının konumunu yüksek doğruluk oranıyla tespit etmektedir. Bununla birlikte, mevcut literatürde bu sorunu çözmek için yaygın olarak kabul edilen bir 'en iyi' algoritma yoktur. Bu çalışma, çeşitli sınıflandırma algoritmalarını birleştirmek ve tek bir sonuç elde etmek için çoğulluk kuralının kullanımını önermektedir. Çoğul oylama kuralı, en çok oy alan adayın seçimi kazandığı bir seçim sistemidir. Bu çalışmada çoğulluk kuralı iç mekânda lokalizasyon problemine uygulanmış ve 'Çoğunluk Algoritması' geliştirilmiştir. Çoğunluk algoritması, beş farklı sınıflandırma algoritmasının 'oylarını' alır ve çoğulluk kuralı aracılığıyla tek bir sonuç sağlar. Sonuçlar, Çoğunluk algoritmasının ortalama doğruluk oranının, oylarını kullandığı bireysel sınıflandırma algoritmalarından daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca çalışmada, bu problem için bir sınıflandırma algoritmasının diğerinden daha iyi olduğunu beyan etmek için tek bir doğruluk oranının kullanılmasının yeterli olmadığı gösterilmiştir. Sınıflandırma algoritmaları eğitim ve test verilerini rastgele ayırmakta ve farklı veri ayrımları farklı doğruluk oranlarına sebep olmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, sınıflandırma algoritmaları karşılaştırılırken güven aralıkları kullanılmasının daha doğru bir bilgi sağladığı gösterilmektedir.

Anahtar kelimeler: İç mekan lokalizasyonu; wi-fi sinyal gücü; sınıflandırma algoritmaları; çoğulluk kuralı


Bibliography:
  • Zafari F, Gkelias A, Leung KK. A survey of indoor localization systems and technologies. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials 2019; 21(3): 2568-2599.
  • Fescioglu-Unver N, Choi SH, Sheen D, Kumara S. RFID in production and service systems: Technology, applications and issues. Information Systems Frontiers 2015; 17(6): 1369-1380.
  • Xia S, Liu Y, Yuan G, Zhu M, Wang Z. Indoor fingerprint positioning based on WiFi: An overview. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 2017; 6(5): 135.
  • Sithole G, Zlatanova S. Position, location, place and area: An indoor perspective. In ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, July 12-19, 2016, pp. 89-96.
  • UCI Machine Learning Repository. Retrieved from https://archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/index.php on September 23, 2020.
  • Rohra JG, Perumal B, Narayanan SJ, Thakur P, Bhatt RB. User localization in an indoor environment using fuzzy hybrid of particle swarm optimization & gravitational search algorithm with neural networks. In Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Soft Computing for Problem Solving, 2017, pp. 286-295.
  • Altay O, Ulas M. Location determination by processing signal strength of Wi-Fi routers in the indoor environment with linear discriminant classifier. In 2018 6th International Symposium on Digital Forensic and Security (ISDFS), Antalya, Turkey, 2018, pp. 1-4.
  • Sabanci K, Yigit E, Ustun D, Toktas A, Aslan MF. WiFi based indoor localization: Application and comparison of machine learning algorithms. In 2018 XXIIIrd International Seminar/Workshop on Direct and Inverse Problems of Electromagnetic and Acoustic Wave Theory (DIPED), Tbilisi, 2018, pp. 246-251.
  • Kumar M, Rawat M, Shambharkar PG. Localization of user in an indoor environment using machine learning classification models. In 2020 4th International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India, 2020, pp. 714-719.
  • Gomes R, Ahsan M, Denton A. Random forest classifier in SDN framework for user-based indoor localization. In 2018 IEEE International Conference on Electro/Information Technology (EIT), Rochester, MI, 2018, pp. 0537-0542.
  • Molnar C. Interpretable machine learning-A guide for making black box models explainable. 2020, Retrieved from https://christophm.github.io/interpretable-ml-book/.
  • Logistic Classifier. Retrieved from
  • https://apple.github.io/turicreate/docs/api/generated/turicreate.logistic_classifier.LogisticClassifier.html on August 06, 2020.
  • Br Ginting PS, Irawan B, Setianingsih C. Hate speech detection on Twitter using multinomial logistic regression classification method. In 2019 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things and Intelligence System (IoTaIS), Bali, Indonesia, 2019, pp. 105-111.
  • Hosmer DW, Lemeshow S, Sturdivant RX. Applied logistic regression (Vol. 398). John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
  • Rajaguru H, Sannasi Chakravarthy SR. Analysis of decision tree and k-nearest neighbor algorithm in the classification of breast cancer. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2019; 20(12): 3777–3781.
  • Kim B, Jeong YS, Tong SH, Jeong MK. generalised uncertain decision tree for defect classification of multiple wafer maps. International Journal of Production Research 2020; 58(9): 2805-2821.
  • Decision Tree Classifier. Retrieved from https://apple.github.io/turicreate/docs/api/generated/turicreate.decision_tree_classifier.DecisionTreeClassifier.html on August 06, 2020.
  • Zhang Z, Jung C. GBDT-MO: Gradient boosted decision trees for multiple outputs. IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems 2020; 32(7): 3156-3167.
  • Donkal G, Verma GK. Securing big data ecosystem with NSGA-II and gradient boosted trees based NIDS using spark. In 2018 Second International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICICCS), Madurai, India, 2018, pp. 146-151.
  • Lasisi A, Sadiq MO, Balogun I, Tunde-Lawal A, AttohOkine N. A boosted tree machine learning alternative to predictive evaluation of nondestructive concrete compressive strength. In 2019 18th IEEE International Conference On Machine Learning And Applications (ICMLA), Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2019, pp. 321-324.
  • Wen Z, He B, Kotagiri R, Lu S, Shi J. Efficient gradient boosted decision tree training on GPUs. In 2018 IEEE International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium (IPDPS), Vancouver, BC, 2018, pp. 234-243.
  • Boosted Trees Classifier. Retrieved from https://apple.github.io/turicreate/docs/api/generated/turicreate.boosted_trees_classifier.BoostedTreesClassifier.html on August 06, 2020.
  • Support Vector Machine (SVM) Algorithm-Javatpoint. Retrieved from https://www.javatpoint.com/machine-learning-support-vectormachine-algorithm on August 06, 2020.